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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
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Results for cycle of violence
16 results foundAuthor: Franklin, Cortney A. Title: The Intergenerational Transmission of Intimate Partner Violence Summary: Intimate partner violence has received significant research attention. Based on a random sample of 700 Texas residents, the Crime Victims’ Institute reported that, of those individuals in a romantic relationship, 11.8 percent of individuals reported experiencing physically violent forms of intimate partner victimization (which equated to 9.1 percent of the total sample), and 17.1 percent reported perpetrating physically violent forms of intimate partner abuse in the 24 months prior to their participation in the survey. Despite the frequency with which family violence occurs, much remains in terms of better understanding the etiology of this particular form of abuse. The purpose of this report is to investigate the role of the intergenerational transmission of violence on adult intimate partner victimization and perpetration. Specifically, this report examines the notion that violence may be transmitted intergenerationally from the family-of-origin among this sample of Texas residents and tests the possibility that witnessing violence between parents or being the recipient of physical punishment during childhood may preclude later adult victimization and perpetration in intimate relationships. Details: Huntsville, TX: Crime Victims' Institute, Sam Houston State University, 2010. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 28, 2011 at: http://www.crimevictimsinstitute.org/documents/CVI_Intergenerational.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.crimevictimsinstitute.org/documents/CVI_Intergenerational.pdf Shelf Number: 121143 Keywords: Cycle of ViolenceIntimate Partner Violence |
Author: Franklin, Cortney A. Title: The Effects of Family-of-Origin Violence on Intimate Partner Violence Summary: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health issue. Estimates suggest that as many as 22.1 percent of women and 7.4 percent of men have been victimized in their primary adult relationships. Scholars have highlighted the importance of family-of-origin characteristics as contributing to emotional and physical conflict in relationships. Specifically, the intergenerational transmission of violence theory proposes that individuals learn techniques and behaviors for interacting with others in their families-of-origin. When children witness violence between their parents or are the recipients of abuse and/or corporal forms of punishment, they may grow up to believe that these strategies are appropriate for conflict resolution and problem solving and may be more likely to use violence as adults. Many children grow up in families where parents behave aggressively and/or violently toward one another or they may be the recipients of corporal punishment during childhood, but they do not grow up to use violence in their adult relationships. The purpose of this report is to present findings that answer two research questions: 1) among those adults who witnessed inter-parental violence or experienced corporal punishment during childhood, what factors mediate the effect of family-of- origin violence on adult IPV, and 2) do multiple experiences of violence in the family-of-origin produce a cumulative effect so that antisocial behavior is transmitted intergenerationally when individuals are subjected to more than one form of violence? Details: Huntsville, TX: The Crime Victims' Institute, Sam Houston State University, Criminal Justice Center, 2011. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2011 at: http://www.crimevictimsinstitute.org/documents/7935%20Family%20of%20Origin%20Violence.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.crimevictimsinstitute.org/documents/7935%20Family%20of%20Origin%20Violence.pdf Shelf Number: 121193 Keywords: Cycle of ViolenceFamily ViolenceIntimate Partner Violence |
Author: Richards, Kelly Title: Children's Exposure to Domestic Violence in Australia Summary: Children’s ‘witnessing’ or exposure to domestic violence has been increasingly recognised as a form of child abuse, both in Australia and internationally. Although it is difficult to accurately assess the scope of the problem, research has demonstrated that a substantial amount of domestic violence is witnessed by children. As this paper outlines, witnessing domestic violence can involve a range of incidents, ranging from the child ‘only’ hearing the violence, to the child being forced to participate in the violence or being used as part of a violent incident. In this paper, current knowledge about the extent of children’s exposure to domestic violence in Australia is described, along with the documented impacts that this exposure can have on children. This includes psychological and behavioural impacts, health and socioeconomic impacts, and its link to the intergenerational transmission of violence and re-victimisation. Current legislative and policy initiatives are then described and some community-based programs that have been introduced in Australia to address the problem of children’s exposure to domestic violence are highlighted. The paper concludes that initiatives focused on early intervention and holistic approaches to preventing and responding to children’s exposure to domestic violence should be considered as part of strategies developed to address this problem. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2011. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 419: Accessed June 27, 2011 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/4/1/D/%7B41D5F5FD-2EE9-42C8-8796-1FB4B964806D%7Dtandi419.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/4/1/D/%7B41D5F5FD-2EE9-42C8-8796-1FB4B964806D%7Dtandi419.pdf Shelf Number: 121831 Keywords: Child AbuseCycle of ViolenceDomestic Violence (Australia)Family Violence |
Author: DeBoard-Lucas, Renee Lynn Title: Children's Understanding of Intimate Partner Violence Summary: There is a clear connection between exposure to interparental aggression and children’s own future episodes of violent behavior. What is significantly less understood is why this pattern develops. The current study used quantitative and semi-structured methods to identify factors that shape children’s understanding of intimate partner violence. Understanding violence was defined as including causal knowledge (Why does violence occur?) and beliefs about the acceptability of intimate partner violence. Factors proposed to predict children’s causal attributions included mothers’ perceived causes of interparental aggression and exposure to different forms of violence, including interparental, parent-child, and neighborhood aggression. Perceived causes of intimate partner violence, mothers’ beliefs about the acceptability of this type of violence, and children’s empathy and perspective taking skills were expected to predict children’s beliefs about the acceptability of intimate partner violence. Mothers’ acceptability beliefs also were expected to moderate the relationship between exposure to violence and children’s own acceptability beliefs. Results suggested that mothers’ and children’s causal attributions were not related and that violence exposure did not predict their causal understanding of intimate partner violence. When children perceived aggression to be committed in self-defense, they found it more acceptable. Few direct relationships were found between violence exposure and children’s acceptability beliefs; however, mothers’ beliefs about aggression significantly moderated these relationships. Findings highlight the importance of context in shaping children’s understanding of intimate partner violence. Details: Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University, 2011. 134p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 3, 2012 at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1127&context=dissertations_mu Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1127&context=dissertations_mu Shelf Number: 124805 Keywords: Children and ViolenceCycle of ViolenceFamily ViolenceIntimate Partner Violence |
Author: Jewell, Sarah E. Title: Conceptualising Violence Against Women in the Work of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women Summary: Since the creation of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, its Causes and Consequences (SRVAW) in 1994, each of the three women who have held the position have sought to answer the question of what causes violence against women. The SRVAWs have drawn upon theoretical debates about violence against women and incorporated the ideas underpinning both a continuum of violence approach (that experiences of violence against women are connected through the gender of the victim-survivor and that violence against women is caused by patriarchal power structures) and the theory of intersectionality (that violence against women occurs because of the relationship between different types of oppression). Chapter One examines the relationship between a continuum of violence and intersectionality as approaches to violence against women. Chapter Two then examines how these approaches have been applied within the work of the SRVAW. I conclude that despite the significant progress, there is no easy way to articulate what causes violence against women that simultaneously captures the experiences of women as a class and where an individual is situated within multiple and intersecting power structures. This paper aims to show that the SRVAW’s analysis of the causes and consequences of violence against women would be enhanced by explicitly using the concepts of a continuum of violence and intersectionality in conjunction with one another to create a more holistic analysis. Details: Canberra: Australian National University, 2011. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: ANU College of Law Research Paper No. 12-15: Accessed April 27, 2012 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2038113 Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2038113 Shelf Number: 125077 Keywords: Cycle of ViolenceGender-Based ViolenceViolence Against Women |
Author: McCoy, Ellie Title: A Consultation with Young People About the Impact of Domestic Violence (Abuse) in their Families and their Formative Relationships Summary: Domestic abuse (often referred to as Intimate Partner Violence) is a recognised global public health concern. It is often defined as behaviour that involves physical, psychological or sexual harm within an intimate relationship and can also include youth violence, child maltreatment, elder abuse and sexual violence. Domestic abuse can also occur within the family; the Department of Health estimates that 750,000 children experience domestic abuse annually. Research examining domestic abuse tends to focus on adult relationships; however it is important to consider young people and their relationships. Adolescence is an important time as this is often when people begin to form intimate and formative relationships. It is therefore an essential stage for initiating domestic abuse prevention work. There is a body of UK research on adult female’s experiences, and a smaller amount on children’s experiences, but little is known about adolescent’s experiences of partner violence and the research that has been conducted tends to originate from the USA. Research suggests that it is essential to include this through detailed examination of young people’s views and experiences in order to recognise young people’s views and actions in their own right. The Coalition Government has recently launched a paper ‘A call to end violence against women and girls’ outlining how they plan to tackle violence against females, with the vision of creating a society in which no female should have to live in fear of violence. Domestic abuse is also a priority locally. In Liverpool, Citysafe (Liverpool’s Community Safety Partnership) prioritises a number of key issues to tackle, one of which is to reduce serious violence, which includes domestic abuse, and to develop an understanding of the issues young people feel affect them in relation to domestic abuse. Citysafe therefore commissioned the Centre for Public, Liverpool John Moores University, to undertake a consultation, to speak with young people around their views and experiences of domestic abuse. The objectives of the research were: • to learn what the issues are for young people in relation to domestic violence (abuse); • to understand how young people view domestic violence (abuse) (in all its forms) in family and intimate partner relationships; and • to use the findings from the project to inform an education programme through ‘It’s Not Okay’. A qualitative study was undertaken to fulfil the research objectives through a series of focus groups with young people. Agencies across Liverpool providing services to young people were contacted and a total of 119 young people aged between 14 and 24 years were invited to attend the focus groups. Each focus group lasted approximately one hour and was conducted by two researchers. Verbal and written consent was obtained to digitally record each focus group session, and the young people were asked to complete a basic demographic questionnaire. In total, 93 young people attended the 14 focus groups. Just over half of participants were male (n=52, 55.9%) with the majority aged 16 and 17 years (n=22 and n=25 respectively). The majority defined their ethnicity as White English (n=72, 77.4%). However minority groups were represented. Ten percent of participants stated that they had a disability. Almost a third (30.1%, n=28) stated they had religious beliefs, 43.0% (n=40) stated that they had no religious beliefs and 26.9% (n=25) preferred not to say. The majority of the young people stated their sexual orientation as Heterosexual (n=70, 75.3%), 17.2% (n=17) preferred not to answer and 7.5% (n=7) stated their sexual orientation as Bisexual, Gay or Lesbian. Overall, the young people involved in the consultation had a good understanding of what domestic abuse is, they could state different types of abuse and who they thought it could happen to. They recognised that it could involve physical, psychological and sexual abuse. In acknowledging these different forms of abuse, the young people felt it should be referred to as domestic abuse rather than domestic violence. At all groups the young people acknowledged that domestic abuse can occur within the family and they placed an emphasis on it being something happening within a house, hence the word domestic. They believed domestic abuse could happen to anyone; however they felt that it is portrayed as happening more often to women. Young people viewed domestic abuse at home as having devastating effects on children; leaving them scared and affected by their experiences into later life. Although participants believed that the effects in adulthood largely depended on the person and how they handled their experiences. It was discussed that children affected by domestic abuse could become perpetrators and victims themselves when in adult relationships, however, the young people also acknowledged that witnessing domestic abuse could make you more determined to not act in this manner yourself. The young people’s knowledge appeared to be gained from what they had seen on TV and from their own personal and friends’ experiences. Not many of the young people had been given any formal training or teaching on the subject, although many of them thought it would be beneficial to have learnt about it. Although there was good knowledge on some areas of domestic abuse, there did appear to be a lack of awareness around the more subtle aspects, such as controlling behaviour. Many of the young people did not see certain controlling behaviours as abusive. The young people also demonstrated a lack of knowledge about where to go for advice; many were not aware of any domestic abuse services and many would not go to a professional for help. Therefore, it appeared that most young people would rather seek support from someone they know or are comfortable with, rather than access a website, ring a help line or speak to a stranger. Learning about domestic abuse was viewed as important and school was thought to be the best setting in which to teach it. The young people expressed preferences on programme content and length; they thought domestic abuse issues should be covered in lessons over a number of weeks and that programmes should incorporate all aspects of domestic abuse, not just the physical violence aspects. Young people expressed mixed views on whether they should be taught about healthy relationships. Some young people thought this was essential whereas others thought you could not teach young people how to have good relationships. Interactive material and activities such as group discussions, DVDs and talks by people affected by domestic abuse were viewed as approaches that would help them learn most effectively and felt that a programme should be realistic and modern in order to hold their attention and allow them to speak freely. Details: Liverpool: Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University, 2011. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 3, 2012 at: http://www.cph.org.uk/showPublication.aspx?pubid=754 Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cph.org.uk/showPublication.aspx?pubid=754 Shelf Number: 125135 Keywords: Children, Exposure to ViolenceCycle of ViolenceDomestic Violence (U.K.)Family ViolenceIntimate Partner Violence |
Author: George, Thomas P. Title: School Engagement and Juvenile Offending Among Maltreated Youth Who Vary by Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Type of Child Maltreatment Summary: Child maltreatment is a pervasive social problem affecting millions of children and their families every year. While past research has documented the short and long-term deleterious outcomes of abused and neglected children, variations in outcomes based on type of maltreatment, race/ethnicity, and gender are not well understood. This study explored the interrelationships of these variables on youths’ school engagement and juvenile criminal offending in a large, diverse sample followed prospectively from the time of maltreatment until youths’ sixteenth birthday. Results indicated that maltreated boys were 2.7 – 3.5 times more likely than non-maltreated boys to exhibit poor school engagement (odds ratios = 3.7 – 5.3), and maltreated girls were 3.4 – 4.2 times more likely than non-maltreated girls (odds ratios = 5.3 – 6.9). The increased risk was even greater in relation to juvenile offending. Maltreated boys were 3.3 – 9.2 times more likely to have committed a misdemeanor, felony, or violent felony by the age of 16 (odds ratios = 4.5 – 9.4), and maltreated girls were 3.8 – 12.0 times more likely (odds ratios = 4.4 – 11.7). With respect to race/ethnicity, American Indian, Black, and Hispanic boys and girls tended to have poorer outcomes than Asian and White youths regardless of maltreatment status. Regarding type of abuse, physical abuse was related to suspensions/expulsions and criminal offending for both genders. However, sexual abuse among boys had the strongest relationship to violent felony offending with a rate 17.6 times higher than non-maltreated boys (8.8% vs .5%, OR = 9.5), and significantly higher than physically abused or neglected boys. Details: Olympia, WA: Washington State Center for Court Research, Administrative Office of the Courts, 2012. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 28, 2012 at: http://www.ofm.wa.gov/sac/nchip/gender_racial_differences_in_outcomes.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.ofm.wa.gov/sac/nchip/gender_racial_differences_in_outcomes.pdf Shelf Number: 125376 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectChild Maltreatment (U.S.)Cycle of ViolenceEducational PerformanceRacial Disparities |
Author: Ogloff, James R.P. Title: Child Sexual Abuse and Subsequent Offending and Victimisation: A 45 Year Follow-up Study Summary: Up to 30 percent of children experience childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and whether this impacts re-victimisation or offending as an adult has been the subject of numerous studies. This study investigates whether a disproportionate number of CSA victims subsequently perpetrate offences and experience future victimisation compared with people who have not been sexually abused. In a sample of 2,759 CSA victims who were abused between 1964 and 1995, it was found CSA victims were almost five times more likely than the general population to be charged with any offence than their non-abused counterparts, with strongest associations found for sexual and violent offences. CSA victims were also more likely to have been victims of crime, particularly crimes of a sexual or violent nature. This research highlights the need for therapeutic interventions targeted at adolescent male CSA victims, particularly with regard to offender treatment programs, where many programs currently do not allow for exploration of offenders’ own sexual victimisation. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2012. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 440: Accessed July 9, 2012 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/4/3/F/%7B43F84BC9-770B-41AC-A2AA-8F4B5AFFC1EB%7Dtandi440.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/4/3/F/%7B43F84BC9-770B-41AC-A2AA-8F4B5AFFC1EB%7Dtandi440.pdf Shelf Number: 125508 Keywords: Child Sex OffendersChild Sexual Abuse (Australia)Cycle of ViolenceSex OffendersSexual Victimization |
Author: Player, Candice Title: Things I Have Seen and Heard: How Educators, Youth Workers and Elected Leaders Can Help Reduce the Damage of Childhood Exposure to Violence in Communities Summary: Even as violent crime declines across the nation, children who live in neighborhoods of concentrated poverty continue to be exposed to high levels of violence in their communities. Not until fairly recently, though, has a research consensus formed to help us understand far-reaching effects of neighborhood violence exposure and direct us toward promising solutions to reduce its damage to young people. This brief from the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice summarizes and translates this research into useable form. We offer concrete recommendations and action steps for the many men and women committed to increasing opportunity and life chances for children who live in disenfranchised neighborhoods where violence is commonplace. Details: Cambridge, MA: Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race & Justice, Harvard Law School, 2009. 15p. Source: http://www.charleshamiltonhouston.org/assets/documents/publications/ThingsIHaveSeenandHeard_Website.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.charleshamiltonhouston.org/assets/documents/publications/ThingsIHaveSeenandHeard_Website.pdf Shelf Number: 126015 Keywords: Cycle of ViolenceExposure to ViolenceHarm ReductionJuveniles |
Author: McCormick, Lila Chelsom Title: From What They See, to What They Think, to What They Do: How Exposure to Interparental Violence Leads to Dating Violence, Through Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Summary: Previous research has revealed that children who are exposed to interparental violence are at an increased risk of involvement in dating violence later in life, a relationship that has been found to be mediated by attitudes toward violence. However, such research has focused solely on explicit attitudes, and has not taken into consideration the role of implicit attitudes. The current study sought to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the potential mediating role of both explicit and implicit attitudes in the relationship between interparental violence and dating violence among a young adult sample. Participants were asked to complete self-report measures regarding their exposure to interparental violence, dating violence involvement and explicit attitudes towards violence, as well as two measures of implicit attitudes. The results revealed that for females, explicit, but not implicit, attitudes mediated the relationship between interparental violence and dating violence. However for males, both implicit and explicit attitudes were found to mediate the relationship between interparental violence and dating violence, suggesting that implicit attitudes are an important, though under-researched, predictor of dating violence. The current findings have implications for clarifying the importance of implicit attitudes in theories of the intergenerational transmission of violence, as well as for intervention programs targeting dating violence attitudes and behaviours. Details: Guelph, ON: University of Guelph, 2013. 130p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 10, 2014 at: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/7712/McCormick_Lila_201312_Phd.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/7712/McCormick_Lila_201312_Phd.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 132321 Keywords: Children and Violence Cycle of ViolenceDating Violence Domestic Violence Family Violence |
Author: Centre for Innovative Justice Title: Opportunities for Early Intervention: Bringing perpetrators of family violence into view Summary: This Report turns the spotlight on perpetrators of family violence. In doing so, it calls for earlier and more proactive intervention - explaining that, while family violence has finally come to attention as a systemic wrong in need of a National Plan, a significant gap exists in our collective response. Equally, while victims of family violence must remain our priority, these victims will also remain at risk unless we step back and widen our gaze. In other words, until we adjust the lens and bring those who use violence and coercion more clearly into view - until we intervene at the source of the problem - the cycle of this violence will simply roll on. This may manifest in assaults against the same or subsequent partners, in the damaging effects we know are experienced by children, in the behaviour of adolescents, or in the tragic escalation that can devastate an entire community. Either way, it will manifest as core business in our courts and as an ongoing drain on our economic and social wellbeing. As one practitioner told the CIJ: "You can't put violent men in a corner and expect them to change. All you'll achieve is another partner, another victim, somewhere down the track." The aim of this Report, then, is to help to bring violent individuals out of this corner and under the scrutiny of a systemic response. In doing so it makes no apologies for its gendered analysis as, while men can be victims of family violence too, this does not change the fact that structural inequality and widespread community attitudes perpetuate violence against women, as well as rigid gendered roles that entrap women and men alike. As many commentators have pointed out, however, men are often written out of the analysis of gendered violence, rendered invisible by descriptions of the violence as if it is a separate entity, rather than something used by an individual with whom the system might intervene. Meanwhile, though "perpetrator accountability" has importantly been flagged as a priority in the National Plan to Reduce Violence Against Women and their Children and subsequent Second Action Plan, our understandable focus on responding to increasing demand has prevented the majority of policy responses from engaging in detail with what this concept might actually mean. Despite its epidemic proportions and despite the value of public health analogies, family violence does not sweep invisibly through communities, leaving victims inexplicably in its wake. Instead, family violence consists of controlling, coercive, abusive or violent behavior used by identifiable individuals - ones with whom our legal system can and must engage. What's more, similar threads run through the trajectories of this behaviour that reveal how this engagement might occur. Details: Melbourne: Centre for Innovative Justice, RMIT University, 2015. 100p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 25, 2015 at: http://mams.rmit.edu.au/r3qx75qh2913.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: This Report turns the spotlight on perpetrators of family violence. Shelf Number: 135009 Keywords: Abusive MenChildren and ViolenceCycle of ViolenceFamily Violence (Australia)Intimate Partner ViolenceViolence Against Women |
Author: Wilkins, Natalie Title: Connecting the Dots: An Overview of the Links Among Multiple Forms of Violence Summary: Violence takes many forms, including intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child maltreatment, bullying, suicidal behavior, and elder abuse and neglect. These forms of violence are interconnected and often share the same root causes. They can also all take place under one roof, or in a given community or neighborhood and can happen at the same time or at different stages of life. Understanding the overlapping causes of violence and the things that can protect people and communities is important, and can help us better address violence in all its forms. The purpose of this brief is to share research on the connections between different forms of violence and describe how these connections affect communities. It is our hope that this information, combined with your own practical experience, will help practitioners like you to think strategically and creatively about how you can: 1. Prevent all types of violence from occurring in the first place. 2. Coordinate and integrate responses to violence in a way that recognizes these connections and considers the individual in the context of their home environment, neighborhood, and larger community. Details: Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Oakland, CA: Prevention Institute, 2014. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2015 at: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/connecting_the_dots-a.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/connecting_the_dots-a.pdf Shelf Number: 135499 Keywords: Cycle of ViolenceViolence Prevention Violent Crime |
Author: Kaufman, Angela M. Title: Familial Effects on Intimate Partner Violence Across Adolescence and Young Adulthood Summary: Research suggests family-of-origin violence is a consistent predictor of young adults' intimate partner violence (IPV). However, prior studies also demonstrate that exposure to violence does not lead in a deterministic fashion to violent behaviors in young adulthood. Given the family context entails more than whether or not abuse occurs, additional aspects of family life warrant examination. One such aspect is the quality of the parent-child relationship. Using data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (N=950), the present study examined the influence of harsh parenting and parent-child relationship quality (PCRQ) in predicting adolescents' and young adults' IPV perpetration. Results from fixed effects analyses indicate both harsh parenting and PCRQ are key independent predictors of individuals' IPV perpetration, but do not interact to produce cumulatively different risk. Harsh parenting is also found to be a significant risk factor for men's IPV perpetration, yet is not significant in the prediction of women's perpetration. Details: Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University, The Center for Family and Demographic Research, 2015. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper: Accessed July 8, 2015 at: https://www.bgsu.edu/content/dam/BGSU/college-of-arts-and-sciences/center-for-family-and-demographic-research/documents/working-papers/2015/Wp-2015-15-Kaufman-Familial-Effects-on-IPV-Across-Adolescence.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://www.bgsu.edu/content/dam/BGSU/college-of-arts-and-sciences/center-for-family-and-demographic-research/documents/working-papers/2015/Wp-2015-15-Kaufman-Familial-Effects-on-IPV-Across-Adolescence.pdf Shelf Number: 135961 Keywords: Child AbuseCycle of ViolenceDating ViolenceIntimate Partner Violence |
Author: Reichert, Jessica Title: Male Survivors of Urban Violence and Trauma: A qualitative analysis of jail detainees Summary: Urban violence is a major public health concern and at epidemic levels in some neighborhoods, directly impacting the mental health of its residents (Morris, n.d.). The rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among urban populations is estimated to be around 31 percent, higher than the PTSD rate among returning Iraq war veterans of 17 percent (Donley et al., 2012; Hoge, Terhakopian, Castro, Messer, Engel, 2007). Research has found traumatic events in urban neighborhoods can be associated with later criminal activity and substance use (Breslau, Chilcoat, Kessler, & Davis, 1999; Breslau, Davis, & Andreski, 1995; Scott, 2010; Widom & Maxfield, 2001). An estimated 6.3 million people in the United States are in need of PTSD treatment, with higher proportions of sufferers concentrated in urban cities (Norris & Slone, 2013).The cost of gun violence is estimated at $174 billion including loss of work productivity, medical care, pain and suffering, insurance, and criminal justice expenses (Miller, 2012). Researchers from the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority (Authority) and WestCare Foundation Illinois documented self-reported characteristics, experiences, and backgrounds of male survivors of urban violence. Researchers conducted in-depth interviews with six men receiving substance abuse treatment while in custody at Cook County jail. All showed symptoms of mental health issues, trauma histories, and/or PTSD. The interviews focused on the men's life stories, traumas they experienced, and their coping mechanisms. Some may assume these men were street savvy, immune to the continuous violence around them and to blame for their circumstances, but the research revealed the men were profoundly negatively affected by their experiences in their homes and neighborhoods. All men said their neighborhoods were dangerous growing up and that crime and gunfire were common. All had been shot at and physically assaulted. Most had been robbed at gunpoint and stabbed. Most had witnessed someone's murder or someone being seriously injured. Three experienced the sudden loss of a family member who was murdered; all thought at least once they would be killed or seriously injured. Trauma occurred early. By the age of five, half of those interviewed had already experienced a traumatic event. Domestic disruption and violence was common - three saw their fathers physically abuse their mothers as children and all were either separated from, or abandoned by, a parent. Half of the interviewees were sexually abused or experienced unwanted sexual contact. Half had periods of homelessness. Two interviewees had been diagnosed with a mental illness, one had attempted suicide, and one had serious physical health issues. Their reactions to traumatic experiences varied. All said they used alcohol or drugs as a way to cope. Five began using drugs and/or alcohol during early adolescence. Four reported nightmares and decreased intimacy or trust in others. Three suffered physical responses to stressful events, including anxiety, cold sweats, and difficulty concentrating. Two noticed impaired relationships with family or friends. Details: Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 2015. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 2, 2016 at: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/assets/articles/MALE%20SURVIVORS%20OF%20URBAN%20VIOLENCE%20AND%20TRAUMA%20report%20FINAL.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/assets/articles/MALE%20SURVIVORS%20OF%20URBAN%20VIOLENCE%20AND%20TRAUMA%20report%20FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 138014 Keywords: Cycle of ViolenceNeighborhoods and CrimePosttraumatic Stress DisorderUrban Areas and CrimeViolent Crime |
Author: Baker, Linda Title: The Link between Boys' Victimization and Adult Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence: Opportunities for prevention across the life course Summary: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined as violence committed by married, separated, divorced, common-law, dating, or other intimate partners (Statistics Canada, 2015). IPV can involve a range of abusive behaviours, including but not limited to physical, sexual, and psychological harm. It is distinguished from other forms of violence in the nature of the relationship between victims and abusers, which is generally ongoing, with potential emotional attachment and economic dependence (Statistics Canada, 2012). In addition, there tend to be multiple incidents of violence over time rather than single or isolated events. The impact of violence in the context of IPV can extend beyond the direct victim to children who are exposed to the violence (Statistics Canada, 2012). Exposure to IPV, for the purposes of this paper, is included in the term child maltreatment along with neglect, emotional/psychological abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse. These various forms of maltreatment are defined in Table 1 and are in accordance with the Canadian Incidence Study (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2010). Typically, children are considered those individuals under 18 years of age (Murray & Graves, 2013). While the majority of individuals who experience maltreatment in childhood do not engage in IPV, a large portion of men who perpetrate violence against their female partners were abused or exposed to family violence as a child (Baker & Stith, 2008; Holt, Buckley & Whelan, 2008; Vezina & Hebert, 2007). Furthermore, just as child maltreatment is a risk factor for future IPV perpetration, the presence of IPV is a risk factor for child maltreatment (Alhusen et al., 2014; Public Health Agency of Canada, 2010). In fact, the cooccurrence of child maltreatment and IPV within families is well-documented in the literature, with prevalence estimates ranging from 30 to 60% (Edleson, 1999; Jouriles et al., 2008; Hamby et al., 2010). Not surprisingly, there are many common risk factors between IPV perpetration and child maltreatment perpetration, which exist at the individual, relationship, community, and societal level (bolded in Table 2; see also: Appendix A). The identified factors tend to be shared by abusers; however, it is also important to acknowledge diversity among men (see "Abusive Men" in Part II for more information). Understanding men's pathways to IPV perpetration, then, involves further exploration of the maltreatment they may have experienced as boys, and preventing child maltreatment also involves working with perpetrators of IPV. Details: London, ON: Centre for Research & Education on Violence Against Women & Children, 2016. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2016 at: http://www.vawlearningnetwork.ca/sites/vawlearningnetwork.ca/files/PHAC_Boys_report_S_0.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Canada URL: http://www.vawlearningnetwork.ca/sites/vawlearningnetwork.ca/files/PHAC_Boys_report_S_0.pdf Shelf Number: 139012 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectChild MaltreatmentCycle of ViolenceIntimate Partner AbuseMale Victims |
Author: Livingston, Jennifer A. Title: Developmental Pathways of Teen Dating Violence in a High-Risk Sample. Summary report Summary: Objectives: This research examined the roles of parental psychopathology, marital conflict and parenting behaviors in the development of teen dating violence (TDV) among a sample of adolescents at high risk for aggressive behavior due to parental alcohol problems. The research had two aims: (1) to examine the developmental pathways to TDV in late adolescence from early childhood risk factors (i.e., parental psychopathology and marital conflict); and (2) examine the association of proximal risk and protective factors in early adolescence to TDV involvement in late adolescence. Two analytical models were tested in pursuit of these aims. Method: Adolescents (M=17.68 years of age) who had been participating, along with their parents, in a longitudinal study of the effects of parental alcohol problems on child development completed an additional wave of survey data in 11-12th grades. Families (N=227) were recruited from county birth records when the child was 12 months of age and had been previously assessed at 12-, 18-, 24-, 36-months, kindergarten, 4th, 6th, and 8th grades. For the current wave of data collection, adolescent participants (n=185) used computer–assisted interviewing to complete questionnaires assessing their individual characteristics, family and peer relationships, substance use, dating behaviors and involvement in TDV as a victim or perpetrator. Data from previous time points beginning at 12 months were used to predict involvement in TDV. Results: Etiology of TDV. Based on prior research and developmental theory, two potential pathways through which parental alcohol problems in infancy may contribute to aggression and adolescent involvement in TDV were examined: a direct pathway from marital conflict and an indirect pathway via parenting behavior and self-regulation. Results indicated that marital conflict in infancy and early childhood did not directly predict TDV in adolescence; however, there was an indirect association through poor self-regulation in middle childhood which in turn contributed to early adolescent aggression and ultimately, TDV in late adolescence. There was also support for indirect pathways from maternal depression and paternal antisocial behavior in infancy to TDV in adolescence through childhood and adolescent aggression, and from paternal alcohol problems in infancy via lower maternal warmth which contributed to lower child selfregulation in the preschool years and aggressive behavior across childhood and early adolescence. In addition, fathers’ antisocial behavior was associated with high sibling problems in middle childhood, which was a unique predictor of TDV in late adolescence. Maternal warmth as a moderator between exposure to marital conflict and TDV. A second model examined whether positive parenting in early adolescence could protect against TDV in late adolescence among youth exposed to high marital conflict. Results indicated that maternal acceptance in early adolescence moderated the relationship between exposure to marital conflict in early adolescence and TDV involvement in late adolescence, with the combination of low maternal acceptance and high conflict exposure in early adolescence predicting the highest rates of TDV in late adolescence. Implications: Parental psychopathology and marital conflict in infancy set the stage for a cascade of negative developmental outcomes that contribute to the development of aggression and TDV. Parenting behaviors, particularly maternal warmth, can be protective against TDV by promoting self-regulation. Mothers with alcoholic partners tend to exhibit lower warmth and sensitivity towards their children than those in nonalcoholic families, underscoring the need for members of alcoholic families to receive support and intervention. Intervening with families of young children who have been referred for domestic violence and/or substance abuse issues to promote positive parenting and conflict management may be an important step towards breaking the intergenerational cycle of violence. Details: Buffalo: University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Research Institute on Addictions, 2016. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 28, 2017 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250213.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250213.pdf Shelf Number: 147294 Keywords: At-Risk Youthcycle of ViolenceDating ViolenceTeen Dating Violence |